![]() ![]() ![]() The student has negative thoughts about his self, as he may feel he does not deserve to be in college.The student has negative thoughts about his future because he thinks he may not pass the class.The student has negative thoughts about the world, so he may come to believe he does not enjoy the class.In his view, it was the case that these cognitions caused depression, rather than being generated by depression.īeck developed a triad of negative cognitions about the world, the future, and the self, which play a major role in depression.An example of the triad in action taken from Brown (1995) is the case of a student obtaining poor exam results: īeck drew attention to the importance of 'negative cognitions' described as sustained, inaccurate, and often intrusive negative thoughts about the self. By contrast, the BDI was developed in a novel way for its time by collating patients' verbatim descriptions of their symptoms and then using these to structure a scale which could reflect the intensity or severity of a given symptom. Historically, depression was described in psychodynamic terms as 'inverted hostility against the self'. The BDI was used as a model for the development of the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), first published in 1979 by clinical psychologist Maria Kovacs. The BDI is widely used as an assessment tool by health care professionals and researchers in a variety of settings. There are three versions of the BDI-the original BDI, first published in 1961 and later revised in 1978 as the BDI-1A, and the BDI-II, published in 1996. In its current version, the BDI-II is designed for individuals aged 13 and over, and is composed of items relating to symptoms of depression such as hopelessness and irritability, cognitions such as guilt or feelings of being punished, as well as physical symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, and lack of interest in sex. Its development marked a shift among mental health professionals, who had until then, viewed depression from a psychodynamic perspective, instead of it being rooted in the patient's own thoughts. Beck, is a 21-question multiple-choiceself-report inventory, one of the most widely used psychometric tests for measuring the severity of depression. The Beck Depression Inventory ( BDI, BDI-1A, BDI-II), created by Aaron T. ![]()
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